Part of the NSA cyber weapon framework DanderSpritz is eventlogedit, a piece of software capable of removing individual lines from Windows Event Log files. Now that this tool is leaked and public, any criminal willing to remove its traces on a hacked computer can use it. Fox-IT has looked at the software and found a unique way to detect the use of it and to recover the removed event log entries.
Introduction
A group known as The Shadow Brokers published a collection of software, which allegedly was part of the cyber weapon arsenal of the NSA. Part of the published software was the exploitation framework FuzzBunch and post-exploitation framework DanderSpritz. DanderSpritz is a full-blown command and control server, or listening post in NSA terms. It can be used to stealthy perform various actions on hacked computers, like finding and exfiltrating data or move laterally through the target network. Its GUI is built on Java and contains plugins written in Python. The plugins contain functionality in the framework to perform specific actions on the target machine. One specific plugin in DanderSpritz caught the eye of the Forensics & Incident Response team at Fox-IT: eventlogedit.
eventlogedit
Normally, the content of Windows Event Log files is useful for system administrators troubleshooting system performance, security teams monitoring for incidents, and forensic and incident response teams investigating a breach or fraud case. A single event record can alert the security team or be the smoking gun during an investigation. Various other artefacts found on the target system usually corroborate findings in Windows Event Log files during an investigation, but a missing event record could reduce the chances of detection of an attack, or impede investigation.
Fox-IT has encountered event log editing by attackers before, but eventlogedit appeared to be more sophisticated. Investigative methods able to spot other methods of event log manipulation were not able to show indicators of edited log files after the use of eventlogedit. Using eventlogedit, an attacker is able to remove individual event log entries from the Security, Application and System log on a target Windows system. After forensic analysis of systems where eventlogedit was used, the Forensics & Incident Response team of Fox-IT was able to create a Python script to detect the use of eventlogedit and fully recover the removed event log entries by the attacker.
Analysing recovered event records, deleted by an attacker, gives great insight into what an attacker wanted to hide and ultimately wanted to achieve. This provides security and response teams with more prevention and detection possibilities, and investigative leads during an investigation.
eventlogedit in use
Starting with Windows Vista, Windows Event Log files are stored in the Windows XML Eventlog format. The files on the disk have the file extension .evtx and are stored in the folder \Windows\System32\winevt\Logs\ on the system disk, by default. The file structure consists of a file header followed by one or more chunks. A chunk itself starts with a header followed by one or more individual event records. The event record starts with a signature, followed by record size, record number, timestamp, the actual event message, and the record size once again. The event message is encoded in a proprietary binary XML format, binXml. BinXml is a token representation of text XML.
Fox-IT discovered that when eventlogedit is used, the to-be-removed event record itself isn’t edited or removed at all: the record is only unreferenced. This is achieved by manipulation of the record header of the preceding record. Eventlogedit adds the size of the to-be-removed-record to the size of the previous record, thereby merging the two records. The removed record including its record header is now simply seen as excess data of the preceding record. In Figure 3 this is illustrated. You might think that an event viewer would show this excess or garbage data, but no. Apparently, all tested viewers parse the record binXml message data until the first end-tag and then move on to the next record. Tested viewers include Windows Event Viewer as well as various other forensic event log viewers and parsers. None of them was able to show a removed record.
Merely changing the record size would not be enough to prevent detection: various fields in the file and chunk header need to be changed. Eventlogedit makes sure that all following event records numbers are renumbered and that checksums are recalculated in both the file and chunk header. Doing so, it makes sure that obvious anomalies like missing record numbers or checksum errors are prevented and will not raise an alarm at the system user, or the security department.
Organizations which send event log records on the fly to a central log server (e.g. a SIEM), should be able to see the removed record on their server. However, an advanced attacker will most likely compromise the log server before continuing the operation on the target computer.
Recovering removed records
As eventlogedit leaves the removed record and record header in its original state, their content can be recovered. This allows the full recovery of all the data that was originally in the record, including record number, event id, timestamps, and event message.
Fox-IT’s Forensics & Incident Response department has created a Python script that finds and exports any removed event log records from an event log file. This script also works in the scenario when consecutive event records have been removed, when the first record of the file is removed, or the first record of a chunk is removed. In Figure 4 an example is shown.
We have decided to open source the script. It can be found on our GitHub and works like this:
$ python danderspritz_evtx.py -h usage: danderspritz_evtx.py [-h] -i INPUT_PATH [-o OUTPUT_PATH] [-e EXPORT_PATH] danderspritz_evtx.py - Parse evtx files and detect the use of the danderspritz module that deletes evtx entries optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -i INPUT_PATH, --input INPUT_PATH Path to evtx file -o OUTPUT_PATH, --output OUTPUT_PATH Path to corrected evtx file -e EXPORT_PATH, --export EXPORT_PATH Path to location to store exported xml records
The script requires the python-evtx library from Willi Ballenthin.
Additionally, we have created an easy to use standalone executable for Windows systems which can be found on our GitHub as well.
Danderspritz_evtx.exe Hashes: md5 c07f6a5b27e6db7b43a84c724a2f61be sha1 6d10d80cb8643d780d0f1fa84891a2447f34627c sha256 6c0f3cd832871ba4eb0ac93e241811fd982f1804d8009d1e50af948858d75f6b
Recommendations
To detect if the NSA or someone else has used this to cover up his tracks using the eventlogedit tool on your systems, it is recommended to use the script on event log files from your Windows servers and computers. As the NSA very likely changed their tools after the leaks, it might be farfetched to detect their current operations with this script. But you might find traces of it in older event log files. It is recommended to run the script on archived event log files from back-ups or central log servers.
If you find traces of eventlogedit, and would like assistance in analysis and remediation for a possible breach, feel free to contact us. Our Forensics & Incident Response department during business hours or FoxCERT 24/7.
Wouter Jansen
Fox-IT Forensics & Incident Response